Finland[edit]
Historically, the Finnish higher education system has been similar to the German system, which includes Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS). With the exception of few fields, Universities are in compliance with the Bologna process, thus awarding Bachelor's (kandidaatti), Master's (maisteri) and Doctoral degrees (tohtori). The traditional degree of Licenciate is subject to being phased out in the near future. The Universities of Applied sciences have the right to award only Bachelor's and Master's degrees, although they do not have the right to use the titleskandidaatti or maisteri in Finnish. While nearly all university students are granted the right to study a Master's degree, UAS students have to apply to a Master's programme separately. The overwhelming majority of all Master's degree holders have a University background.
In spite of the fact that the degrees awarded by the two institutions are at par by law, the UAS degrees are not directly comparable to nor similar in content as the university degrees. In popular culture, degrees awarded by Universities of Applied Sciences are not traditionally held as academic degrees (yliopistotutkinto) but as higher education degrees (korkeakoulututkinto). This is reflected by the fact most Master's degree holders from Universities of Applied Sciences have to complete additional studies in order to apply to doctoral programmes at Universities.
France[edit]
| Degree | Diploma | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doctorate | Doctorate's Diploma | |||||||||
| Master | Universities | Écoles supérieures | ||||||||
| General | Medical and Paramedical | Accounting | Art | Business | Engineering | Military | Public Affairs | Veterinary Science | ||
| Master's Diploma diplôme d'études approfondies diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées (both diplomas phased out and no longer delivered) | diplôme de formation approfondie(Medicine,Midwifery,Odontology,Pharmacy) | diplôme supérieur de comptabilité et de gestion[18] | Architect State Diploma[19] diplôme national supérieur d'arts plastiques[20] Diploma of theÉcole nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs[21] diplôme national supérieur d'expression plastique[22] Diplomas of theconservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris[23] | Diplomas of theuniversité Paris-Dauphine[24] Diplomas of some Business Schools[25] | Engineer's degree diplôme de management et contrôle du trafic aérienand diplôme d’ingénierie des systèmes électroniques de la sécurité aérienne of the école nationale de l'aviation civile[26] | Diploma of the école spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr[27] | Diploma of aInstitut d'études politiques | diplôme d’études fondamentales vétérinaires[28] | ||
| Licence | Licenciate's Diploma | diplôme de formation générale(Medicine,Midwifery,Odontology,Pharmacy)[29] Nurse State Diploma ErgotherapistState Diploma[30] | diplôme de comptabilité et de gestion[31] | diplôme d’études en architecture[32] | Diploma of the école militaire interarmes[33] | |||||
| Baccalaureate | Bachelor's Diploma | |||||||||
The French education system operates on a sharp distinction between diplomas and degrees. Diplomas (diplômes) are awarded by the educational institutions, such as the universities or the grandes écoles, but degrees (grades universities) are only awarded by the Ministry of Education. Historically, academic degrees were orientated towards research and the vocational education system awarded only diplomas. Since the implementation of theBologna Process in France, things are going towards a simplification : schools continue to deliver their own diplomas, but the State recognition and degree awarding is far more ranged than before. Nonetheless, there are many diplomas in France with no degree recognition. These are either two-years or four-years diplomas (diplôme universitaire de technologie or DUT Associate of Applied Science, brevet de technician supérieur or BTS Associate of Technology, maîtrise) wich do not fall into the frame of the European Higher Education Area or specific diplomas designed by various institutions with no recognition from the Ministry of Education, such as the mastère spécialisé[34]or the Sciences Po Bachelor.
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