Norway[edit]
Prior to 2003, there were around 50 different degrees and corresponding education programs within the Norwegian higher education system. In 2003, a reform was instituted to replace this older system with an "international system."
For example, many degrees had titles that included the Latin term candidatus/candidata. The second part of the title usually consisted of a Latin word corresponding to the profession or training. These degrees were all retired in 2003.
The reform of higher education in Norway, Kvalitetsreformen ("The Quality Reform"), was passed in the Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, in 2001 and carried out during the 2003/2004 academic year. It introduced standard periods of study and the titles master and bachelor (baccalaureus).
The system differentiates between a free master's degree and a master's degree in technology. The latter corresponds to the former sivilingeniør degree (not to be confused with a degree in civil engineering, which is but one of many degrees linked to the title sivilingeniør, which is still in use for new graduates who can chose to also use the old title). All pre-2001 doctoral degree titles were replaced with the title "Philosophical Doctor degree", writtenphilosophiæ doctor (instead of the traditional doctor philosophiæ). The title dr. philos. is a substantially higher degree than the PhD, and is reserved for those who qualify for such a degree without participating in an organized doctoral degree program.
Poland[edit]
See also: Bologna_process § Poland
In Poland the system is similar to the German one.
- licencjat title - given by a university; the equivalent of Bachelor of Arts degree or Bachelor of Science degree (depending on academic major); granted after at least 3 years of study.
- inżynier (inż.) title - Engineer's degree given by a technical university; granted after at least 3,5 to 4 years of study.
- magister (mgr) or magister inżynier (mgr inż.) title - the equivalent of an Master of Arts or Master of Sciencedegree, granted after 5–6 years of study, or 1.5–2 years of additional study by holders of a bachelor degree with classification of Honours Degree.
- doktor (dr) degree - the equivalent of Doctor of Philosophy.
- doktor habilitowany (dr hab.) degree - Polish Habilitation degree, requires approval by an external ministerial body.
- profesor (prof.) degree – the highest title, officially conferred by the President of Poland.
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